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Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Biography (1928 - 1979)

wtorek, czerwiec 3rd, 2008

(born Jan. 5, 1928, near Larkana, Sindh, India—died April 4, 1979, Rawalpindi, Pak.) President (1971–73) and prime minister (1973–77) of Pakistan. Son of a prominent politician, he was educated in India, the U.S., and Britain. He served eight years in the government of Mohammad Ayub Khan (1907–74) then resigned to form the Pakistan People’s Party (1967). After the overthrow of the Ayub Khan regime and the Pakistani civil war, Bhutto became president (1971). He nationalized several key industries and taxed landed families. He became prime minister in 1973, and his government, retaining martial law, began a process of Islamization. Bhutto’s party won elections in 1977, but the opposition accused him of electoral fraud. Gen. Zia-ul-Haq seized power and had Bhutto imprisoned and later executed. Benazir Bhutto is his daughter.

Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali Biography (1936 - )

wtorek, czerwiec 3rd, 2008

(born Sept. 3, 1938, near Sousse, Tun.) President of Tunisia (from 1987). Trained as a soldier, he headed the defense ministry’s military intelligence section for 10 years (1964–74) before entering the foreign service. He served as ambassador to Poland before returning home to hold several domestic government posts, which culminated in a dual appointment as prime minister and interior minister. In 1987 he replaced President Habib Bourguiba, who had been declared medically unfit. He was returned to office in elections in 1989, 1994, 1999, and 2004.

Zhores Alferov Biography (1930 - )

piątek, maj 30th, 2008

in full Zhores Ivanovich Alfyorov

(born March 15, 1930, Vitebsk, Belorussia, U.S.S.R. [now in Belarus]) Soviet physicist who, with Herbert Kroemer and Jack S. Kilby, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2000 for their work that laid the foundation for the modern era of computers and information technology.

Alferov received a doctorate in physics and mathematics from the A.F. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute (1970); he became director of the institute in 1987. In the 1950s he began work to develop fast optoelectronic and microelectronic components made from semiconductor heterostructures. (While most computer chips and other semiconductor components were made from one kind of material, such as silicon, heterostructure semiconductors were made from layers of different materials.) Using Kroemer’s theory, which suggested that a heterostructure transistor was superior to a conventional transistor, Alferov and his research team developed the first practical heterostructure electronic device in 1966. They then pioneered electronic components made from heterostructures, including the first heterostructure laser, which both Alferov and Kroemer had proposed independently in 1963. Heterostructure solid-state lasers made possible fibre-optic communications, and heterostructure devices were later used in communications satellites, bar-code readers, cellular telephone communications, and other products.

Niceto Alcalá Zamora Biography (1877 - 1949)

piątek, maj 30th, 2008

(born July 6, 1877, Priego, Spain—died Feb. 18, 1949, Buenos Aires, Arg.) Spanish politician. After serving as minister of works (1917) and minister of war (1922), he opposed the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera and joined the Republican movement. As leader of the revolutionary committee that successfully demanded the abdication of Alfonso XIII, he became head of the government in 1931 and was elected president of Spain’s Second Republic that same year. He tried to moderate the policies of the extremist factions, but he was deposed in 1936 after the election of the Popular Front and went into exile to France and then to Argentina.

Azure Ray

środa, październik 31st, 2007

The Southern dream pop duo of Azure Ray began their rise in 2001 when former Bright Eyes members Orenda Fink and Maria Taylor joined Crooked Fingers/Archers of Loaf’s Eric Bachmann for something musically enchanting. A little more stripped than Bright Eyes and their other outfit, Little Red Rocket, Fink, and Taylor shaped a delicate soundscape for their 2001 critical self-titled debut. The next winter, Azure Ray issued the November EP on Saddle Creek, which featured collaborative work with Andy Lemaster (Now It’s Overhead). Sophomore effort Burn and Shiver followed in spring 2002 and exuded a more serene soundscape and slick production work from Bachmann. Fink and Taylor also collaborated with Moby on the song “The Great Escape” for his 2002 release, 18. A year later, Funk and Taylor continued their steady pace of writing and recording. Their naturally warm tone was polished up for Hold On Love. ~ MacKenzie Wilson, All Music Guide

Authority Zero

środa, październik 31st, 2007


Jason DeVore (vocals), Bill Marcks (guitar/vocals), Jeremy Wood (bass/vocals), and Jim Wilcox (drums) comprise the exotic punk sound of Authority Zero. Formed in Mesa, AZ, in 1994, Authority Zero initially started off as a five-piece with vocalist Jerry Douglas. Douglas left the group in 1999, but remained an integral part of the Authority Zero family. Over the course of the ’90s, the band eagerly pushed its sound, playing countless house parties, colleges, and club shows in and around Arizona. They quickly drew comparisons to Rage Against the Machine, and the local independent label Zia Records caught on. In 2001, Zia issued Authority Zero’s debut, self-titled EP. College radio immediately jumped on the band, as the heavy drive of “One More Minute” and “Sky’s the Limit” became moderate hits. That same year, Authority Zero scaled back on the riveting metal-like sound for structured hard rock that accented the band’s multi-cultural backgrounds and diverse musical tastes. Atlantic’s label sibling Lava signed Authority Zero within months of the Authority Zero EP becoming Zia’s best-selling release. The band’s full-length debut, A Passage in Time, appeared in fall 2002, containing nods to influences like Bad Religion, Dick Dale, Manu Chao, and Sublime. Tours with Guttermouth and H2O followed, spending time on the Warped Tour as well, and as the word-of-mouth buzz continued to spread, the band found itself having to play local shows under various alias in order to stay close to their hometown scene. Writing their next album in the span of a month, the band returned in 2004 with the culturally diverse and Latin-flavored Andiamo, produced by Ryan Greene (Lagwagon, Strung Out). Subsequent touring and their deal with Lava done, the live acoustic Rhythm and Booze appeared in June 2006 on Suburban Noize. Dates with Zebrahead were played that fall, during which time Wood exited and the band carried on with a temporary replacement. Authority Zero returned in late January 2007 with the faster skatepunk sounds of 12:34, again with production by Greene, and hit the road in support of it on dates with Rehab. ~ MacKenzie Wilson, All Music Guide
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